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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Isentropenexponent</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Der <b>Isentropenexponent</b> (auch <b>Adiabatenexponent</b> oder <b>Wärmekapazitätsverhältnis</b> genannt) bezeichnet mit dem Symbol <a href="Kappa" title="Kappa"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \kappa }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \kappa }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54ddec2e922c5caea4e47d04feef86e782dc8e6d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \kappa }" loading="lazy"></span></a> (<a href="Kappa" title="Kappa">Kappa</a>) oder <a href="Gamma" title="Gamma"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }" loading="lazy"></span></a> (<a href="Gamma" title="Gamma">Gamma</a>), ist das <a href="Dimensionslos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimensionslos">dimensionslose</a> Verhältnis der <a href="W%C3%A4rmekapazit%C3%A4t" title="Wärmekapazität">Wärmekapazität</a> eines <a href="Gas" title="Gas">Gases</a> bei konstantem Druck (<i>C<sub>p</sub></i>) zur Wärmekapazität eines Gases bei konstantem Volumen (<i>C<sub>V</sub></i>):
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \kappa ={\frac {C_{p}}{C_{V}}}={\frac {c_{p}}{c_{V}}}={\frac {C_{\mathrm {m} ,p}}{C_{\mathrm {m} ,V}}}={\frac {c_{m,p}}{c_{m,V}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
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<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
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<mi>V</mi>
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</msub>
</mfrac>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
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<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>V</mi>
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</msub>
</mfrac>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
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</msub>
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
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</msub>
</mfrac>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
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<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>,</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \kappa ={\frac {C_{p}}{C_{V}}}={\frac {c_{p}}{c_{V}}}={\frac {C_{\mathrm {m} ,p}}{C_{\mathrm {m} ,V}}}={\frac {c_{m,p}}{c_{m,V}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/84f572e501e6b6958bf71ad84c21e57d38a4faac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:32.125ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \kappa ={\frac {C_{p}}{C_{V}}}={\frac {c_{p}}{c_{V}}}={\frac {C_{\mathrm {m} ,p}}{C_{\mathrm {m} ,V}}}={\frac {c_{m,p}}{c_{m,V}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Isentropenexponent ist für <a href="Reales_Gas" title="Reales Gas">reale Gase</a> eine temperaturabhängige Materialeigenschaft. Seinen Namen erhielt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \kappa }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \kappa }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54ddec2e922c5caea4e47d04feef86e782dc8e6d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \kappa }" loading="lazy"></span> als <a href="Potenz_(Mathematik)" title="Potenz (Mathematik)">Exponent</a> in der <a href="Isentrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Isentrop">Isentropengleichung</a> oder <a href="Adiabatengleichung" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiabatengleichung">Adiabatengleichung</a> für <a href="Ideales_Gas" title="Ideales Gas">ideale Gase</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ pV^{\kappa }={\text{const.}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>p</mi>
<msup>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>const.</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ pV^{\kappa }={\text{const.}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af8d6021e076558cb57e91b19f15bc83cdaa4b2c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.9ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ pV^{\kappa }={\text{const.}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Isentrope Zustandsänderungen lassen die Entropie konstant. <a href="Adiabat" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiabat">Adiabate</a> Zustandsänderungen sind isentrop, wenn sie reversibel sind, also keine Entropie erzeugen. Sie treten z. B. näherungsweise bei großräumigen Luftströmungen auf, weshalb man diese Kennzahl in der Meteorologie auch als <i>Adiabatenexponent</i>, <i>Adiabatenkoeffizient</i> oder <i>Adiabatenindex</i> bezeichnet. In der Technik ist in der Regel eine adiabate Zustandsänderung (z. B. in einer <a href="Dampfturbine" title="Dampfturbine">Dampfturbine</a>) nicht reversibel, da Reibungs-, Drossel- und Stoßvorgänge Entropie produzieren (vergl. „<a href="Adiabate_Maschine" title="Adiabate Maschine">Adiabate Maschine</a>“ und „<a href="Thermodynamik#Zweiter_Hauptsatz" title="Thermodynamik">Zweiter Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik</a>“). Diese Zustandsänderungen lassen sich näherungsweise durch eine <a href="Polytrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytrop">Polytrope</a> mit einem Polytropenexponenten <i>n</i> beschreiben, der sich von <i>κ</i> unterscheidet. Die Isentrope ist der Spezialfall einer Polytrope mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=\kappa }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=\kappa }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/00994d19b40d75c65150e1ba351e3ec6f8435c15.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.832ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=\kappa }" loading="lazy"></span> (vergl. Bild).
</p><p>Da die mit dem Schall verbundenen raschen Druck- und Dichteschwankungen näherungsweise isentrop verlaufen, bestimmt der Isentropenexponent auch die <a href="Schallgeschwindigkeit#Klassisches_ideales_Gas" title="Schallgeschwindigkeit">Schallgeschwindigkeit</a> und lässt sich darüber messen. Eine andere Messmethode ist das <a href="R%C3%BCchardt-Experiment" title="Rüchardt-Experiment">Rüchardt-Experiment</a>.
</p>
<table class="wikitable float-right" style="border:0">
<caption>Isentropenexponent für Gase bei Normaldruck<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Temp</th>
<th>Gas</th>
<th><i>κ</i></th>
<th style="width:1px; border:0;" rowspan="18" class="hintergrundfarbe-basis">
</th>
<th>Temp</th>
<th>Gas</th>
<th><i>κ</i></th>
<th style="width:1px; border:0;" rowspan="18" class="hintergrundfarbe-basis">
</th>
<th>Temp</th>
<th>Gas</th>
<th><i>κ</i>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>−200 °C</td>
<td rowspan="5">H<sub>2</sub><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>1,65</td>
<td>20 °C</td>
<td rowspan="4">Luft</td>
<td>1,40</td>
<td>−180 °C</td>
<td rowspan="5">N<sub>2</sub></td>
<td>1,43
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>−100 °C</td>
<td>1,46</td>
<td>400 °C</td>
<td>1,37</td>
<td>20 °C</td>
<td>1,40
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>20 °C</td>
<td>1,41</td>
<td>1000 °C</td>
<td>1,32</td>
<td>500 °C</td>
<td>1,36
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1000 °C</td>
<td>1,36</td>
<td>2000 °C</td>
<td>1,30</td>
<td>1000 °C</td>
<td>1,32
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2000 °C</td>
<td>1,31</td>
<td>−50 °C</td>
<td rowspan="5">CO<sub>2</sub></td>
<td>1,35</td>
<td>2000 °C</td>
<td>1,30
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>−200 °C</td>
<td rowspan="2">He</td>
<td>1,67</td>
<td>20 °C</td>
<td>1,29</td>
<td>20 °C</td>
<td rowspan="2">CH<sub>4</sub></td>
<td>1,31
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2000 °C</td>
<td>1,67</td>
<td>400 °C</td>
<td>1,24</td>
<td>350 °C</td>
<td>1,18
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>100 °C</td>
<td rowspan="5">H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
<td>1,33</td>
<td>1000 °C</td>
<td>1,18</td>
<td>20 °C</td>
<td rowspan="2">H<sub>2</sub>S</td>
<td>1,33
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>200 °C</td>
<td>1,32</td>
<td>2000 °C</td>
<td>1,16</td>
<td>500 °C</td>
<td>1,25
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>500 °C</td>
<td>1,28</td>
<td>20 °C</td>
<td rowspan="3">CO</td>
<td>1,40</td>
<td>20 °C</td>
<td rowspan="2">NH<sub>3</sub></td>
<td>1,32
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1000 °C</td>
<td>1,23</td>
<td>1000 °C</td>
<td>1,32</td>
<td>450 °C</td>
<td>1,20
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2000 °C</td>
<td>1,19</td>
<td>2000 °C</td>
<td>1,29</td>
<td>450 °C</td>
<td>Ne</td>
<td>1,67
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>20 °C</td>
<td rowspan="2">NO<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>1,39</td>
<td>−180 °C</td>
<td rowspan="5">O<sub>2</sub></td>
<td>1,44</td>
<td>2000 °C</td>
<td>Ar</td>
<td>1,67
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2000 °C</td>
<td>1,29</td>
<td>20 °C</td>
<td>1,40</td>
<td>20 °C</td>
<td rowspan="2">SO<sub>2</sub></td>
<td>1,28
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>20 °C</td>
<td rowspan="2">N<sub>2</sub>O<sup id="cite_ref-akoci_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akoci-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>1,28</td>
<td>400 °C</td>
<td>1,34</td>
<td>250 °C</td>
<td>1,22
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>250 °C</td>
<td>1,22</td>
<td>1000 °C</td>
<td>1,31</td>
<td>20 °C</td>
<td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></td>
<td>1,20
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>20 °C</td>
<td>NO<sub>2</sub><sup id="cite_ref-akoci_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akoci-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>1,29</td>
<td>2000 °C</td>
<td>1,28</td>
<td>20 °C</td>
<td>C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub></td>
<td>1,14
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table class="wikitable float-right" style="border:0">
<caption>Isentropenexponent für überkritische Gase bei 200 bar Druck<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Temp</th>
<th>Gas</th>
<th><i>κ</i></th>
<th style="width:1px; border:0;" rowspan="14" class="hintergrundfarbe-basis">
</th>
<th>Temp</th>
<th>Gas</th>
<th><i>κ</i></th>
<th style="width:1px; border:0;" rowspan="14" class="hintergrundfarbe-basis">
</th>
<th>Temp</th>
<th>Gas</th>
<th><i>κ</i>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>126,2 K</td>
<td rowspan="4">N<sub>2</sub></td>
<td>2,07</td>
<td>154,6 K</td>
<td rowspan="4">O<sub>2</sub></td>
<td>2,25</td>
<td>304,1 K</td>
<td rowspan="4">CO<sub>2</sub></td>
<td>2,36
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>600 K</td>
<td>1,43</td>
<td>300 K</td>
<td>1,77</td>
<td>700 K</td>
<td>1,28
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1000 K</td>
<td>1,35</td>
<td>1000 K</td>
<td>1,33</td>
<td>1000 K</td>
<td>1,21
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2000 K</td>
<td>1,30</td>
<td>2000 K</td>
<td>1,28</td>
<td>2000 K</td>
<td>1,17
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>638,9 K</td>
<td rowspan="4">H<sub>2</sub>O<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261937660">
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</style> <span class="fussnoten-etui reference"><sup class="fussnoten-marke" data-annotationpair-m="*">*</sup></span></td>
<td>10,7</td>
<td>5,2 K</td>
<td rowspan="4">He</td>
<td>1,13</td>
<td>126,2 K</td>
<td rowspan="4">Ar</td>
<td>2,07
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>700 K</td>
<td>1,95</td>
<td>300 K</td>
<td>1,65</td>
<td>300 K</td>
<td>2,23
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1000 K</td>
<td>1,34</td>
<td>1000 K</td>
<td>1,67</td>
<td>1000 K</td>
<td>1,69
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2000 K</td>
<td>1,20</td>
<td>2000 K</td>
<td>1,67</td>
<td>2000 K</td>
<td>1,67
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>33,15 K</td>
<td rowspan="4">H<sub>2</sub></td>
<td>1,51</td>
<td>132,9 K</td>
<td rowspan="4">CO</td>
<td>2,54</td>
<td>190,6 K</td>
<td rowspan="4">CH<sub>4</sub></td>
<td>2,00
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>300 K</td>
<td>1,42</td>
<td>300 K</td>
<td>1,69</td>
<td>300 K</td>
<td>1,91
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>600 K</td>
<td>1,39</td>
<td>400 K</td>
<td>1,53</td>
<td>400 K</td>
<td>1,47
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1000 K</td>
<td>1,38</td>
<td>500 K</td>
<td>1,47</td>
<td>600 K</td>
<td>1,24
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="11"><small><div class="fussnoten-block"><div class="fussnoten-inhalt references"><sup class="fussnoten-marke mw-cite-backlink" data-annotationpair-a="*">*</sup> <div class="reference-text">H<sub>2</sub>O ist bei 200 bar noch gasförmig und wird erst oberhalb 220,64 bar überkritisch</div></div></div></small>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gerechnetes_Wärmekapazitätsverhältnis"><span id="Gerechnetes_W.C3.A4rmekapazit.C3.A4tsverh.C3.A4ltnis"></span>Gerechnetes Wärmekapazitätsverhältnis</h2></div>
<p>Der Wert des Isentropenexponenten hängt vom <a href="Freiheitsgrad" title="Freiheitsgrad">Freiheitsgrad</a> der Gasteilchen ab und der Freiheitsgrad eines Gasmoleküls hängt von der Geometrie und der Bindungsstärke der Atome ab. Gasmoleküle mit mehr Atomen besitzen einen höheren Freiheitsgrad. Der Freiheitsgrad setzt sich zusammen aus Translations-, Rotations- und Schwingungs- bzw. Vibrationsfreiheitsgrad. <a href="Translation_(Physik)" title="Translation (Physik)">Translation</a> ist bei allen Temperaturen angeregt. <a href="Rotation_(Physik)" title="Rotation (Physik)">Rotation</a> erfolgt schon bei unteren, <a href="Eigenschwingung" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenschwingung">Vibration</a> linearer Moleküle erfolgt ab mittleren, Vibration starrer Moleküle erst bei höheren Temperaturen. Deshalb nimmt die Wärmekapazität von mehratomigen Gasen bei steigender Temperatur zu. Anders gesagt: mit abnehmender <a href="Temperatur" title="Temperatur">Temperatur</a> „frieren“ immer mehr Freiheitsgrade ein und der Isentropenexponent nimmt zu.
</p><p>Bei allen Gasen verläuft die <i>isobare</i> Wärmekapazität über einen großen Temperaturbereich parallel mit der <i>isochoren</i> Wärmekapazität. Deshalb bleibt über einen großen Temperaturbereich auch die <a href="Allgemeine_Gaskonstante" class="mw-redirect" title="Allgemeine Gaskonstante">Gaskonstante</a> (R = C<sub>p<sub>mol</sub></sub> - C<sub>V<sub>mol</sub></sub> = 8,314 J/mol K), also die <i>Differenz</i> zwischen isobarer und isochorer <a href="Molw%C3%A4rme" class="mw-redirect" title="Molwärme">Molwärme</a> gleich.
</p><p>Der Freiheitsgrad kann näherungsweise wie folgt beschrieben werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f=3\cdot N=f_{trans}+f_{rot}+f_{vib}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f=3\cdot N=f_{trans}+f_{rot}+f_{vib}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c61d3b84ded143b513670f837390ce821812e167.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:30.341ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f=3\cdot N=f_{trans}+f_{rot}+f_{vib}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{eff}=f-r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>f</mi>
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{eff}=f-r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ea90a8f04bf26ea149e21016d40c74c24c613b3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:12.212ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{eff}=f-r}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Isentropenexponent kann näherungsweise wie folgt beschrieben werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \kappa ={\frac {f_{eff}+2}{f_{eff}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>f</mi>
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>f</mi>
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \kappa ={\frac {f_{eff}+2}{f_{eff}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/11fcb9771ed5e81cfedcee02ec70581d57e725a0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:13.222ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \kappa ={\frac {f_{eff}+2}{f_{eff}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Freiheitsgrad <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> eines Körpers gibt an, wie viele Bewegungsmöglichkeiten dieser Körper innerhalb eines Koordinatensystems hat. Der einzelne <a href="Massenpunkt" title="Massenpunkt">Massenpunkt</a> hat 3 Freiheitsgrade, er kann sich entlang der x-, y- und z-Achse im Raum bewegen. Er hat keine Rotationsfreiheit, denn ein Punkt kann sich nicht drehen. Ein System von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> Punkten hat <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f05b2b88bb71a7fe6b449800d51de31683da674.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.226ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3N}" loading="lazy"></span> Freiheitsgrade. Liegen zwischen den Punkten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> starre Bindungen vor, so reduziert sich die Anzahl der effektiven Freiheitsgrade auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3N-r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3N-r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/89e79106ca9607abc22e9a9f9253ee732759043c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.115ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3N-r}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starre Körper haben gewinkelte Bindungen.
</p><p>Luft besteht hauptsächlich aus zweiatomigen Molekülen und hat unter Normalbedingungen einen Isentropenexponent von 1,4. Dies entspricht dem theoretischen Wert für 3 Translations- und 2 Rotationsfreiheitsgraden in der <a href="Kinetische_Gastheorie" title="Kinetische Gastheorie">kinetischen Gastheorie</a>, da bei zweiatomigen Molekülen eine Rotation um die Verbindungsachse nicht möglich ist. Wasserstoff (H<sub>2</sub>) hat bei ganz tiefen Temperaturen den gleichen Wert wie die einatomigen Edelgase, weil dann selbst die Rotation gestoppt ist. Die Rotation mehratomiger Moleküle und die Schwingungen linearer oder schwach gewinkelter Moleküle sind schon unterhalb <a href="Normalbedingungen" class="mw-redirect" title="Normalbedingungen">Normaltemperatur</a> angeregt, die Schwingungen starrer Moleküle erst oberhalb Normaltemperatur. Bei viel höheren Temperaturen kommt es durch Dissoziation und Ionisation zu noch mehr Freiheitsgraden. In der Atmosphäre kann es bei Expansion und Abkühlung der feuchten Luft zur Kondensation des Wassers kommen. Durch die dabei freiwerdende <a href="Kondensationsenthalpie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondensationsenthalpie">Kondensationsenthalpie</a> wird der Exponent niedriger.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>Isentropenexponent <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \kappa }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \kappa }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54ddec2e922c5caea4e47d04feef86e782dc8e6d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \kappa }" loading="lazy"></span>; Freiheitsgrad <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{eff}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>f</mi>
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{eff}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9f301cd92893c7ec681586882959c8c05530ab30.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.946ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{eff}}" loading="lazy"></span>; Atome <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span>; <br> Atombindungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span>; von Gasen bei Normalbedingung
</caption>
<tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe6">
<th>Gasmolekül</th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \kappa ={\frac {f_{eff}+2}{f_{eff}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>f</mi>
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>f</mi>
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \kappa ={\frac {f_{eff}+2}{f_{eff}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/11fcb9771ed5e81cfedcee02ec70581d57e725a0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:13.222ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \kappa ={\frac {f_{eff}+2}{f_{eff}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{eff}=3\cdot N-r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>f</mi>
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{eff}=3\cdot N-r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fbe99a6b3f19c7e4e36339122a56c6eaff5348f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:15.839ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{eff}=3\cdot N-r}" loading="lazy"></span></th>
<th>Beispiele
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>1-atomig</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1{,}{\overline {6}}={\frac {3+2}{3}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1{,}{\overline {6}}={\frac {3+2}{3}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/69758e8df451b26c44336cba5bc454ca1316d19b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.187ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1{,}{\overline {6}}={\frac {3+2}{3}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3=3\cdot 1-0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3=3\cdot 1-0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53c529299586fcfc8b85647f703f867d422bb98e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:12.268ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3=3\cdot 1-0}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>Helium, Argon
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2-atomig</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1{,}4={\frac {5+2}{5}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1{,}4={\frac {5+2}{5}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d5b3ad3878d22b6170954607a8fbeba270be235.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.072ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1{,}4={\frac {5+2}{5}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 5=3\cdot 2-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 5=3\cdot 2-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/00f415567293cb36830dcafebef9185108ccc46b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:12.268ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 5=3\cdot 2-1}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>N<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>, CO,<br> NO
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3-atomig, starr <br>(gewinkelt)</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1{,}{\overline {3}}={\frac {6+2}{6}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1{,}{\overline {3}}={\frac {6+2}{6}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6ee9d0b3414ae62722bae98095379be3985cd680.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.187ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1{,}{\overline {3}}={\frac {6+2}{6}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6=3\cdot 3-3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6=3\cdot 3-3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/310f67d638bdfe8e641e13b194197de361005c3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:12.268ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6=3\cdot 3-3}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>H<sub>2</sub>O-Dampf bei<br> 100 °C, H<sub>2</sub>S
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3-atomig, nicht starr<br> (linear)</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1{,}29\approx {\frac {7+2}{7}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>29</mn>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>7</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1{,}29\approx {\frac {7+2}{7}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/16a5c4490f0cf7c51922896deb19b450e7d4d789.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:13.234ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1{,}29\approx {\frac {7+2}{7}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 7=3\cdot 3-2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>7</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 7=3\cdot 3-2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0cd18e8cfa903a0fbe55500974ffb59b015c262a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:12.268ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 7=3\cdot 3-2}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>CO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>,<br> N<sub>2</sub>O<sup id="cite_ref-akoci_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akoci-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, NO<sub>2</sub><sup id="cite_ref-akoci_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akoci-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Alfred Böge: <i>Handbuch Maschinenbau.</i> Vieweg+Teubner, Wiesbaden 2011, ISBN 978-3-8348-1025-0.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li>Video: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://av.tib.eu/media/10884">Bestimmung von Cp/Cv nach Rüchardt</a></i>. <a href="IWF_Wissen_und_Medien" title="IWF Wissen und Medien">Institut für den Wissenschaftlichen Film</a> (IWF) 2004, zur Verfügung gestellt von der <a href="Technische_Informationsbibliothek" class="mw-redirect" title="Technische Informationsbibliothek">Technischen Informationsbibliothek</a> (TIB), <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3203/IWF%2FC-14879">10.3203/IWF/C-14879</a></span>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quellen">Quellen</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-NIST-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .webarchiv-memento a{color:inherit}
/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140115211056/http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/">NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 15. Januar 2014 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engineering Toolbox: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/hydrogen-d_976.html">Hochtemperatur-cp-Werte</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Springer-Verlag: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-3-658-03169-5%2F1.pdf">Stoffwerte und Tabellen</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-akoci-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-akoci_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-akoci_4-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-akoci_4-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-akoci_4-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411101543/http://www.akoci.uni-hannover.de/ak-duddeck/pdf/pdf-allg-chem/Teil%201%20_%20Bindungskonzepte%20-%20kovalente%20Bindung.pdf">Bindungsgeometrie</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 11. April 2021 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>dtv-Atlas zur Physik; Mechanik, Akustik, Thermodynamik, Optik.</i> Band 1, München 1987ff, ISBN 3-423-03226-X, S. 49 und 109.</span>
</li>
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